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First things first—let us explain what exactly the barrier is. “The skin barrier starts with the top layer of the skin called ‘epidermis,'” board-certified dermatologist Kseniya Kobets, M.D., MHS, FAAD, tells mbg. 

“This layer is made up of exfoliating skin cells that turn over every 28 days. This skin layer has channels that allow water to be absorbed and evaporated and has hydrating ingredients like ceramides, free fatty acid, and linoleic acid, to maintain a healthy skin barrier that protects us from external pollution, sun damage, and pathogens like bacteria, yeast, and viruses,” she adds. 

Now you know the very basic function of the skin barrier. Up next, a quick breakdown of each part of the stratum corneum in a bit more detail. 

1. Proteins: Think of the proteins, or keratinocytes, on your skin as the “brick,” of the brick and mortar.
2. Lipids: The lipids, or fats, can also be seen as the moisture barrier in the skin and the mortar completing your skin’s initial defense layer. This part is also known as the moisture barrier, and it’s made up of fats like ceramides, fatty acids, squalene, etc. 
3. Skin microbiome: The skin microbiome, sometimes called the skin flora, is the term for the trillions of bugs1 that live on our skin. 
4. Skin’s immune system: Believe it or not, your skin has its own immune system. In fact, your skin can even release antimicrobial peptides2 to help rebalance your microbiome (think of it like teamwork). 
5. Acid mantle: Finally, there’s a layer of acid film that sits on your skin called the acid mantle. This layer protects the skin from bacteria, helps the microbiome flourish, and locks in moisture. 

As you can tell, the skin barrier isn’t just how your skin looks but rather how it lives, too. In turn, a healthy skin barrier means a healthier you, and vice versa. 

“It protects us from mechanical injury, low humidity, cold, heat, sun, wind, chemical exposure, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens,” board-certified dermatologist Hadley King, M.D., said about the barrier and added that “a healthy barrier is critical to normal skin function.”

And this isn’t just skin deep—research has demonstrated a link between skin dysfunction and various health conditions caused by chronic inflammation. In one study, researchers connected the use of barrier repair moisturizers with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood, highlighting the importance of the skin’s protective role in our overall health: Namely, that poor barrier function is linked to inflammation that can trigger other health concerns.

Not only that, but it’s literally what we think of when we think of us, our skin. When you look in the mirror, you’re looking at your skin barrier. It’s quite literally the most recognizable part of you.

Summary:

Your skin barrier helps keep good things in and bad things out. When your barrier is compromised, it can lead to chronic inflammation in the entire body, which, as you know, can trigger a long list of medical conditions both related to and separated from the skin. 

• Inflammation 
• Increased dryness
• Increased oiliness and breakouts (if that’s out of the norm)
• Itch 
• Redness 
• Increased skin infections 
• Sensitivity to even gentle products 

How can you tell the difference between a rash or allergic reaction and a damaged barrier?

“Rashes and contact dermatitis can occur secondary to an abnormal or impaired skin barrier; however, when seen alone, rashes tend to be much more extreme, very itchy or tender, very red, sometimes even very bumpy,” board-certified dermatologist Roberta Del Campo, M.D., medical adviser for BABOR and founder of Del Campo Dermatology & Laser Institute, tells mbg.

1.

Harsh skin care routines. 

While there are plenty of factors that contribute to a damaged skin barrier, board-certified dermatologist and assistant clinical professor of dermatology at Mt. Sinai School of Medicine Jeannette Graf, M.D., says skin care products might be the most common culprit. 

“The most common is over-stripping the skin of its natural oils,” Graf says. “This can be done by washing your face too much and over-exfoliating the skin,” she adds. While retinol, AHAs, and BHAs have wonderful benefits, they should be used in moderation (as with skin cycling). 

Plus, Graf says these actives should be used in conjunction with a barrier-supporting routine. Translation: Use one active product, not five. If you’re looking to exfoliate, use one exfoliating serum or physical wash, not both—you get the idea. 

How often you should exfoliate will depend on your skin type, goals, and any current skin conditions you’re dealing with. Here’s more on proper exfoliating cadence if you want to dive deeper.

Summary

Using harsh skin care products and over-exfoliating the skin can lead to a damaged skin barrier. Work on cycling through your skin care (here’s how), and use actives within a robust barrier-repair routine—also, never mix your retinol and exfoliating serum. 

Know this: Your gut and skin are directly connected. To put this into perspective, “About 7 to 11% of people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), for instance, have psoriasis3,” board-certified internal medicine doctor Vincent Pedre once told mbg. 

“Gut inflammation eventually can become systemic inflammation. And that, along with oxidative stress, blood sugar imbalances, and other problems4, can all show up on your skin—especially if you are genetically predisposed to these conditions,” he adds.

But what foods are the most triggering? “The simple sugars, when digested, cause rapid insulin spikes that result in the downstream effect of inflammation, which, in turn, leads to skin barrier breakdown,” board-certified dermatologist Rachel Westbay, M.D., FAAD, of Marmur Medical tells mbg.

Even acne, the most common skin condition, can be improved when focusing on gut health. “One study found a probiotic supplement improved acne in 80% of the 300 participants3. Among their benefits, probiotics can help modulate immunity and inflammation, reducing acne in the process,” Pedre said. 

What’s more, one study noted by the American Academy of Dermatology reported that women who drank two or more glasses of skim milk a day were 44% more likely to have breakouts5. 

Another study noted on the AAD demonstrated that a low-glycemic index diet may result in fewer pimples. Not sure which foods are considered high on the glycemic index? Check out this story. 

“Lacking nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids can be an issue, as well,” Westbay says. “Derivatives of omega-3 fatty acids are thought to influence the skin barrier by acting as transcription factors that increase the synthesis of filaggrin, an integral protein that brings together other structural proteins in the outermost skin cells to actually form the skin barrier,” she adds.

Summary

The gut and skin are connected, which is why what you eat directly affects your skin. Skim milk and high-glycemic foods have been known to trigger inflammatory skin responses like acne, while probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids have demonstrated the opposite. 

“UV exposure damages the skin barrier by causing free radicals, which subsequently leads to burns and skin cancer,” Boakye notes. Plus, when your skin gets to the point of peeling off (as happens with severe sunburns), you’re literally removing a layer of your skin. 

You can repair the skin from things like sunburns, but you can never fully repair sun damage. This is why it’s so essential to prioritize UV protection via face and body sunscreen. Even if it’s cloudy, you should still be wearing sunscreen daily both to prevent UV damage and encourage healthy skin aging. 

Summary

UV exposure damages the skin barrier and may lead to burns and skin cancer. Be sure to wear SPF every day on any area that sees the sun. 

Regardless of lifestyle factors, those with certain skin conditions may be more prone to barrier damage than others. “The two most common conditions dermatologists think of when we consider someone an inherent risk of skin barrier dysfunction are eczema and rosacea,” Westbay notes. 

In part, this is because those with eczema and rosacea already have dry skin to begin with due to a natural lack of ceramides in the skin. This means they’re just a bit closer to a compromised barrier without being exposed to any other triggers. 

This is why it is so important for those with eczema and rosacea to visit a dermatologist for assistance. If you have pre-sensitive skin and use harsh topical products without knowing, get sunburned, etc., the reaction will be much more severe and difficult to repair. 

Summary

Those with eczema and rosacea are more prone to skin barrier damage. This is why you should visit a dermatologist if you believe you have either of these skin conditions for proper treatment and product advice. 

6.

Having sensitive skin naturally. 

Those with sensitive skin already have a compromised skin barrier as well. Remember how the barrier functions as a protective shield? Well, that applies to “normal” skin, or skin that isn’t as sensitive. 

When that shield is weakened, it isn’t as able to perform this role, allowing irritants to penetrate the skin and cause major and chronic disruptions in the form of rashes, inflammation, texture changes, burning, and so on.  

However, if your skin is not typically sensitive but has been as of late, then you might have a compromised skin barrier at the moment. Don’t worry—you can repair it. More on that next. 

Summary

Those with sensitive skin already have a compromised skin barrier, meaning they may be more vulnerable to irritants, inflammation, texture changes, burning, etc. 

1.

Address any habits that may be damaging the skin.

Check the list above and write down (or make a mental note) of what applies to you right now. Are you over-exfoliating? Going outside without SPF? Are you more stressed than usual? 

Determine what factors are directly contributing to your damaged barrier right now and eliminate them, or manage them to the best of your ability. 

2.

Use barrier-supporting skin care + avoid irritants. 

• Fragrance (again, this is important) 
• Chemical exfoliants like AHAs, BHAs, and PHAs 
• Retinol in any form 
• Physical scrubs 
• Astringent toner
• Facials 
• Microneedling 
• Dermaplaning 
• Dermarolling 
• UV exposure (even protected) 
• Chlorine or salt water 

3.

Tend to the microbiome. 

4.

Support the barrier from the inside. 

As you now know, your skin is sensitive to what’s happening inside your body—but it will respond to positive triggers, too. Do your best to consume loads of water to support your hydration levels and prevent dehydrated skin and consume skin-loving ingredients.

Skin supplements are one easy way to essentially ingest skin care—think ceramides, hyaluronic acid, antioxidants, etc. If you’re on the hunt, this guide will help you choose the best one for your skin and provide expert-approved picks. 

• Ceramides
• Amino acids
• Fatty acids
• Squalane
• Panthenol (vitamin B5)
• Hyaluronic acid 
• Aloe vera 
• Prebiotics
• Postbiotics
• Collodial oatmeal
• Peptides
• Shea + mango butter

Best barrier-repair serums

Luckily, the skin is an incredibly resilient organ. This means it can certainly be healed. In fact, it doesn’t take too long.

Here’s a quick estimate as board-certified dermatologist Whitney Bowe, M.D., FAAD, once explained: For a severely damaged barrier, as is with a sunburn, it will take a minimum of a few days to repair the skin barrier. However, for mild damage, as occurs with over-exfoliation or increased dryness, you might even be able to repair the barrier in just a few hours—if you take the right steps like those above.

Best moisturizers for damaged skin barrier